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1. JFK Reloaded

Description of JFK Reloaded

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No doubt one of the most controversial games ever made, JFK Reloaded is a shareware game made by a Scottish company called Traffic Management that lets you recreate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.

Released on the 41st anniversary of the assassination in 2004, the game not surprisingly provoked a huge public backlash ranging from Ted Kennedy (who called it 'despicable') to scores of media criticisms. Perhaps due to intense backlash, the game was removed from circulation in 2005, and the $9.99 shareware game is no longer sold or supported.

Let me say here first that I was concerned about whether this 40-year-old event is still 'fresh enough' in the minds of Americans for them to find the game offensive - that's why I asked people's opinions about whether they think it's a good idea to upload the full version before doing so. Anyone who finds such games offensive is advised to stop reading now. While I do find the game morally questionable, the designers deserve credits for shying away from focusing on pure 'shock value' (which would be extremely easy to do, given the circumstances) - focusing instead on the physics behind the vent.

The 'official goal' of JFK Reloaded according to Traffic is '...to debunk assassination conspiracy theories by buttressing the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone and fired only three bullets.' Accordingly, the game places you in the exact spot that Oswald stood, and offers you the chance to re-create his three shots (the last of which was the one that caused 'the fatal wound'). The perfect score of 1,000 is awarded if you can replicate the three bullets' trajectories perfectly. You can replay as many times as you want.

As a simulation, JFK Reloaded is quite good: no matter how I shoot, I see bullets behave in ways that one would expect: smashing glasses, bouncing off the limo, etc. The graphics, while not state-of-the-art, is more than adequate: all passengers of the fateful limo, from JFK to his wife, driver and everyone else, are recognizable. After the event, you get a ballistics reports that tell you how your bullets traveled, and how closely they match Oswald's shots.

As a game, JFK Reloaded falls short mostly because its objective and context are far too narrow: your only objective is to recreate that tragedy. And no matter how you try to cloak it, the game's moral dimension still looms large and has a real impact; I am not American, yet I still felt my heart skip a beat when looking through the rifle scope in the game, seeing JFK's face squarely in the crosshairs.

For conspiracy buffs, though, it is an interesting 'tool' that tries to prove the feasibility of the 'magic bullet' theory, and therefore they are probably the only ones who will have 'fun' with this game that we can all do without. The 'educational value' of the game, in my opinion, is questionable, but it does try to do more than simply shock and titillate. Preserved on this site for historical value as 'abandonware' - proceed at your own risk.

Review By HOTUD

External links

Captures and Snapshots

Screenshots from MobyGames.com

Comments and reviews

Prince2021-03-021 point

Very funny

nick gurr2020-12-31-5 points

I am nick gurr the 49th presedent of the united states and I love this game

Namesareoverrated52020-12-295 points

Wow, the graphics in this game are mind blowing.

Jom2020-12-160 point

Mr. Present

Andrew Jackson2020-12-021 point

Hello children this game is skilled 22nd november

nofacenoah2020-11-280 point

I did an epic gamer moment

Doing JFK2020-11-25-3 points

@Doing JFK, stop abscessing over it it is not good for you. get a wife. q

Doing JFK2020-11-230 point

THIS IS FALSE THAT IS NOT THE REAL DOING JFK I AM HIM THE FAKE ONE IS A SMALL PENIS SIZED RACIST

DOING JFK2020-11-23-1 point

HI IM DOING JFK AND I'M WEIRD. I TYPE IN FULL CAPS

Abraham. Lincon2020-11-231 point

why do I not get a game. clearly being one of the most important political figures ever isn't enough for this website.

Doing JFK2020-11-230 point

@ARANDOMN***A I NOT CHILL FOR YOU ESPECIALLY WHEN SAYING THAT WORD. I LOVE THIS GAME TO MUCH I HAVE BEEN PLAYING IT 16 HOURS A DAY I QUIT MY JOB TO PLAY. I SLEEP 30 MINUTES A DAY AND MY BLOOD HAS BECOME REDBULL. COD COLD WAR WAS A FUCKING MESS AND I HATE IT. IF THEY INVESTED INTO COD JFK RELOADED THEY WOULD RUIN IT JUST AS THEY RUINED WW11. I WILL CONTINUE TO PLAY MY HEALTHY LIFESTYLE. AND IF YOU ARE WONDERING, YES I HAVE A GIRLFRIEND. HER NAME IS JFK RELOADED. TO WHO EVERY MADE HER I LOVE YOU AND I WILL FIND YOU TO ASK YOU OUT ON A DATE AND WE WILL MAKE SWEET SWEET LOVE.

JFK2020-11-230 point

AYO WHY DO YALL SUPPORT THIS. I DIDN'T WORK IN PARLEMENT FOR YEARS JUST TO HAVE A GAME MADE AFTER ME DYING. EVERYONES BEEN SENDING ME MONTAGES OF THE GAME AND I HAVE HAD IT. AS OF NOW I AM MOVING TO THE PUNJABI LANDS. BYE

George W. Bush2020-11-230 point

This is fun!

Fidel Castro2020-11-230 point

I used this game to practice killing JFK. Russia loves this game too. I love killing him and I like how I can look at different angles. I also like killing his wife and the governor. I like this but I would change my weapon to an AK47.

a random nigga2020-11-221 point

@doingjfk nigga chill!

Doing JFK2020-11-201 point

I LOVE THIS GAME SO MUCH AND I JUST THINK IT IS SO MUCH FUN SHOOTING JFK OVER AND OVER AGAIN IT IS THE BEST CONCEPT AND IMAGINE IF CALL OF DUTY WASN'T FOCUSED ON THE COLD WAR THEY COULD HAVE MADE A RECREATION OF THIS GAME WITH THEIR COOL GRAPHICS AND INTENSE GUNS AND I WOULD BUY THAT 100 TIMES OVER.I THINK THIS IS THE BEST GAME IT MIGHT BE A VIRUS BUT PROBABLY NOT. LOTS OF LOVE SENT TO THE PERSON WHO MADE THIS. I WOULD DIE FOR YOU.

JFK2020-11-191 point

This is great

no is not me2020-11-17-1 point

@BOLEAS it doesn't show report?! Your game must be imposter glitched, I feel bad for you man

boleas2020-10-311 point

oye it does not show the report after I shoot, doesn't matter how times I do it

GoldenWolfe2020-10-213 points

Finally i can shoot Kennedy again!

jay2020-10-150 point

this is disrespectfull to me

sammy2020-09-18-1 point

I always wanted to play it

JFK Numbers2020-05-280 point

I tried the game. For 2004 is not bad! I uploaded it to the JFK Numbers web server.
Thanks!
-Ramon F Herrera
JFK Numbers
ramon@jfknumbers.org

MikeyBikey2020-04-090 point

It shows what all of Oswald's trainers in the marines said: It wasn't a difficult shot. Case Closed

Clyde3D2020-04-03-8 points

Disgusting period. Educational or not. 63 the last year of presidential convertables. Shooting the shooters (Oswald and co.) would be fun.

idk2020-01-130 point

who else s here bc of paymoneywubby

None2020-01-051 point

I love u too.

Doug2019-12-262 points

uh well um I didn't expect a game where you assassinate jfk

Altheo2019-10-311 point

This is Amazing Game Well im in Dallas Texas Near At Dealey Plaza

Moe2019-10-12-6 points

The game is rigged to convince players that the magic bullet is possible. And the biggest clue comes from looking toward the fenced area from the infield. The hill's elevation is far too high. It makes it seem impossible to get a frontal shot. Compare to actual Dealey Plaza pics. Total misrepresentation in the game.

an epic marxist2019-09-090 point

fun game

DonOgeIsHere2019-07-04-3 points

What and WHY the Hell IS this game DOING HERE?!

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bootyslayer922019-05-240 point

ok i love killing jfk

Jared2019-05-150 point

Insane love it

JFK2019-03-193 points

This was created by alive gang.

gamma2019-01-0514 points

Having played this when it was released, it's interesting to run across it again. People were pretty upset when this first showed up but honestly it's a really interesting educational tool and I took it as such at the time, as I think a lot of other people did. Looking at it as a simulator and not a game is fairly important, but I doubt most people see any distinction, especially when this particular subject is involved.

Wario2018-10-302 points

That's explained quite well above.

Itsa me, ya boi2018-08-13-2 points

This is actually a game that exists... why?

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In my previous post on Play the Past, I looked at the way critics and scholars made sense of the videogame JFK: Reloaded (Traffic, 2004). The game lets players reenact the Kennedy assassination, the goal being to match the findings of the Warren Commission Report with as much accuracy as possible. Even though the Kennedy family called the game “despicable,” many scholars argued that JFK Reloaded was a legitimate engagement with history (see Raessens, 2006; Bogost, 2007; Fullerton, 2008; and Bogost et al., 2010). For my own part, I argued that the game’s greatest strength was not as a documentary videogame, but as an engine of counterfactual historical thinking. JFK Reloaded doesn’t ask us to play history so much as to reimagine history.

Today I want to double back on my and these other videogame scholars’ interpretations of JFK Reloaded. The game is indeed part of a documentary tradition, or to be more precise, an engagement with documentary evidence and historical archives, as Poremba suggests. But it is also a historical artifact itself.

In other words, the game emerges out of a specific time and place, textured by the touch of countless hands. I want to look at a very precise kind of texture, the human-readable comments that appear in the code in one of the two WAD files that comprise JFK Reloaded‘s game assets. WAD stands for “Where’s All the Data?”; a WAD file is a collection of individual sounds, sprites, level information, NPC (non-playable character) behavior, and other often customizable game data. Originally used in Doom, WADs or similar composite files are now commonplace in many PC games.

In the case of JFK Reloaded, opening up the core000.wad in a text editor reveals mostly binary codes that look like junk (because they ought to be opened in hexadecimal editor rather than a plain text editor). But beginning with line 224,070, we find plain text information that resembles XML structured data, accompanied by programmer comments.

For example, the following lines specify the actions that should occur when a generic character is fatally hit by Oswald’s rifle:

// Generic character’s killed action
// —————————————————————-
// This is the action that a character takes when they should die if
// they’ve got no special animation for it
// —————————————————————-
[ACTION]
<NAME>
PersonKilled
<DIE>
0
0
<RAGDOLL>

Notice the double slashes: //. Any line that begins with the double slash is a comment in the code. Code comments pose a number of interesting epistemological challenges. They are ignored by the machine interpreter and readable by humans, but not exactly legible. They are visible only if one is able to view the source code. They are not intended for the end-user, but with the right tools, the end-user might find them. In fact, I wasn’t the first to find these comments in the JFK Reloaded WAD file. BrooksMarlin noticed them in 2004, but nobody to my knowledge has ever read these comments against the game itself and against the existing scholarship on the game.

We can think of code comments as a kind of textual marginalia—the doodles, notes, and corrections that authors and readers add in the margins of a text. When I asked on Twitter if marginalia was an accurate way to think about code comments, Patrick Murray-John, a developer at the Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (who also happens to have a Ph.D. in Anglo-Saxon literature), suggested that the medieval division of marginalia into separate categories might have an analog in computer code comments. As Murray-John notes, medieval scholars distinguished between lectio and enarratio. Lectio refers to aids for reading at the level of comprehension—notes and marks that help a reader make the text legible (originally for the purposes of reading aloud). Enarratio refers to marginalia that actually help readers interpret the text on a rhetorical and symbolic level. To lectio and enarratio we might also add, as Whitney Trettien suggests, emendatio, comments that correct or even offer improvements to the existing text (such as we might find in an open-source project, with one developer making suggestions on another developer’s code).

The marginalia in JFK Reloaded‘s WAD file resembles enarratio, not only helping us to make sense of the individual lines of code that follow the comment, but also offering an interpretative gloss on the code. For example, in the following snippet, Jackie Kennedy’s actions are defined:

// —————————————————————————
// Jackie cradling JFK before the money shot
// —————————————————————————
[ACTION]
<NAME>
JackieCradleJFK
<CONCERNED>
0
0

The use of the informal and vaguely sexual phrase “money shot” begins to shed some light on the developers’ attitude toward the subject matter (what we’d call the author’s “tone” in literary studies). The strictly objective perspective that we (often falsely) associate with documentary media begins to dissolve here.

The tone becomes much more obvious in the following snippet of code, which defines Nellie Connally’s actions when her husband, Texas Governor John Connally, is shot:

// —————————————————————————
// Nelly shoving Connally’s bonce down into her minge,
// in a last desparate attempt to get oral sex out of
// him before he croaks
// —————————————————————————
[ACTION]
<NAME>
NellyShoveConnally
<CONCERNED>
0
0

In just three lines of code commentary, the developers at Traffic absolutely undermine the entire stated pedagogical project of their docu-game. Their outwardly respectful “interactive reconstruction of John F. Kennedy’s assassination” is undone by inaccuracies and misspellings (Nelly for Nellie, “desparate”) but even more so by the explicitly sexual reframing of this traumatic event. It’s difficult to take JFK Reloaded as a serious exploration of history when under the hood it resembles an adolescent joke, preoccupied with sex and making light of death (“before he croaks”).

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In addition to undermining Traffic’s official rationale for the game, these comments in the code also complicate the arguments of the critics who defended the game. Access to the code allows us to write a revisionist history of JFK:Reloaded. Yet how far should we go in letting the marginalia of the game, which was never intended to be available to the player, guide our interpretation of the game? On one hand, it’s important to keep in mind the “intentional fallacy,” the idea—first formulated by New Critical literary scholars—that an author’s stated intention should be ignored when interpreting a literary work. One should trust the story, not the storyteller, this line of thinking goes. One the other hand, though, the exegesis of the underlying code and assets of the game expands the story itself.

In the final analysis I’m more interested with these broader questions of critical code studies than this particular game. What does an attentiveness to code, or even the comments in code, mean for cultural historians who study digital artifacts? Decoded and viewed through a revisionist approach, these questions might be the ultimate legacy of JFK Reloaded.

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[JFK Photo courtesy of NASA / Public Domain]

Works Cited

Bogost, Ian. 2007. Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Bogost, Ian, Simon Ferrari, and Bobby Schweizer. 2010. Newsgames : Journalism at Play. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Fullerton, Tracy. 2008. Documentary Games: Putting the Player in the Path of History. In Playing the Past: Nostalgia in Video Games and Electronic Literature. Vanderbilt University Press.

Poremba, Cindy. 2009. “JFK Reloaded: Documentary Framing and the Simulated Document.” Loading… 3 (4). http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/viewArticle/61.

Raessens, Joost. 2006. “Reality Play: Documentary Computer Games Beyond Fact and Fiction.” Popular Communication 4 (3): 213-224.